Environment: reef-associated; oceanodromous; marine ; depth range 0 - 100 m

Climate: tropical; 20 - 28°C; 35°N - 28°S

Importance: fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes

Resilience: Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years

Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to French Polynesia, north to Japan, south to Australia.

Morphology: Dorsal spines (total): 13-15; Dorsal soft rays (total): 12-14; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 12-13; Vertebrae: 38. Mouth fairly large, upper jaw reaching to middle of eye. Laminae of olfactory rosette 48 to 56. Interpelvic process large and single. Lateral line strongly undulating. Body naked posterior to corselet. Swim bladder large, spleen visible in ventral view on the right side of the body. The back and upper sides brilliant blue-black, lower sides and belly silvery; no lines, spots or other markings on the body.

Biology: An offshore species found mainly around coral reefs. Generally solitary or occur in small schools of six or less. Preys on small schooling fishes such as Decapterus, Caesio, Nasio, Cirrhilabrus, Pterocaesio and squids. Marketed canned and frozen. Adults may be ciguatoxic.

Inhabits coastal waters, usually in the vicinity of coral reefs; distinguished by large conical teeth, relatively large eye, and undulating lateral line

Environment: reef-associated; brackish; marine; depth range 10 - 100 m

Climate: tropical; 26 - 29ºC; 35ºN - 37ºS

Importance: Fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums

Resilience: Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years

Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and east coast of Africa to the Hawaiian and Marquesan islands, north to southern Japan and the Ogasawara Islands, south to northern Australia

Morphology: Dorsal spines (total): 9; Dorsal soft rays (total): 17-22; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 15-17; Head and body 

Biology: Adults occur singly and inhabit clear lagoon and seaward reefs. Juveniles found ins estuaries. Feed on crustaceans (like crabs and spiny lobsters) and fishes at night. Large inviduals may be ciguatoxic. It's the largest trevally, reaching 1.7 m in length and over 60 kg. Spawn on shallow seaward reefs and offshore banks. Sold mostly fresh and dried salted.

Inhabits coastal and offshore waters in the vicinity of reefs; the largest of trevallies, distinguished by steep forehead profile and silvery to dusky colouration

Environment: Pelagic; oceanodromous; marine ; depth range - 50 m

Climate: Tropical; 18 - 29°C; 35°N - 38°S

Importance: Fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes

Resilience: High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months

Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: in warm waters including oceanic islands and archipelagos. A few stray specimens have been collected in the Eastern Central Pacific. Highly migratory species, Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Morphology: Dorsal spines (total): 11-14; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 13-14; Vertebrae: 39. Swim bladder absent. No trace of vertebral protuberances. Anterior spines of first dorsal fin much higher than those mid-way. Interpelvic process small and bifid. Body naked except for corselet and lateral line. Posterior portion of the back with a pattern of broken oblique stripes.

Biology: Occurs in open waters but always remains close to the shoreline. The young may enter bays and harbors. Forms multi-species schools by size with other scombrid species comprising from 100 to over 5,000 individuals. A highly opportunistic predator feeding indiscriminately on small fishes, especially on clupeoids and atherinids; also on squids, crustaceans and zooplankton. Generally marketed canned and frozen; also utilized dried, salted, smoked and fresh.

Inhabits oceanic waters, sometimes well offshore; distinguished by lack of space between the dorsal fins

Environment: reef-associated; marine; depth range 0 - 150 m

Climate: subtropical; 43°N - 30°S, 180°W - 180°E

Importance: fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes

Resilience: Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years

Distribution: Worldwide in marine waters. Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to northeastern Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: off Genoa, Italy in the Mediterranean and from Côte d'Ivoire to Angola. Reported from Cape Verde and St. Paul's Rocks. Throughout the western Indian Ocean, but rare or absent in the Persian Gulf. Eastern Pacific: mouth of Gulf of California to Ecuador; including the Galapagos Islands. Entire Indo-Pacific. Western Pacific: Fiji and Tuvalu, Australia and New Zealand.

Morphology: Dorsal spines (total): 7; Dorsal soft rays (total): 25-28; Anal spines: 2; Anal soft rays: 18-20. Color dark olive green or blue above, white below; 2 narrow light blue bands on sides with a yellowish band between them; fins olive or yellowish. Upper jaw ending before the eye. Anal fin base is shorter than that of dorsal fin base. It has a 2-rayed finlet; 2 anal fin spines are detached. Dorsal and anal fins are relatively short; with small two-rayed pinnulae just behind the dorsal and anal fins. Lateral line without scutes.

Biology: Found in oceanic and coastal waters, generally near the surface over reefs or sometimes far from the coast. May form large schools. Feeds on invertebrates (larger crustaceans of the zooplankton) and small fishes. Good food fish and a valued game fish; marketed fresh and salted or dried; also frozen and used for sashimi.

Inhabits coastal waters and offshore reefs, usually in schools; distinguished by slender shape, yellow and blue stripes, and isolated finlets on tail base

Environment: Reef-associated; marine ; depth range 90 - 400 m

Climate: Tropical; 34°N - 25°S

Importance: Fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes

Resilience: Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years

Distribution: Indo-Pacific: East Africa to the Hawaiian Islands and from southern Japan southward to Australia.

Morphology: Dorsal spines (total): 10; Dorsal soft rays (total): 11; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 8. Interorbital space flat. Dorsal and anal fins without scales. Scale rows on back parallel with lateral line. Color is mainly pink to red, becoming white on the lower sides and belly.

Biology: Inhabits rocky bottoms. Feeds on fishes and larger invertebrates such as squids, shrimps and crabs; also takes planktonic organisms, including pelagic urochordates. An important food fish in some areas. Marketed fresh or frozen.

Inhabits rocky offshore reefs usually between 90-300 m depth; bright red colouration and less forked tail.

Inhabits rocky bottom usually between 40-100 m depth

Environment: Pelagic; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); marine ; depth range 0 - 12 m

Climate: Tropical; 45°N - 38°S, 180°W - 180°E

Importance: Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes

Resilience: Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.34; tmax>4; Fec up to 6 millions)

Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific: in tropical and subtropical waters, including the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas.

Morphology: Dorsal spines (total): 23-27; Dorsal soft rays (total): 12-16; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 12-14; Vertebrae: 62-64. Mouth large with strong, triangular, compressed and finely serrate teeth. Snout about as long as the rest of head.Posterior part of maxilla completely concealed under preorbital bone. Gill rakers absent. Interpelvic process small and bifid. Swim bladder present. Body covered with small scales. No anterior corselet developed. The back is iridescent bluish green; the sides silvery with 24 to 30 cobalt blue vertical bars which extend to below the lateral line.

Biology: An oceanic, epipelagic species frequently solitary or forming small loose aggregations rather than compact schools. Feeds on fishes and squids. An important sport fish in some areas. Marketed fresh, salted or spice-cured slices of meat; also frozen. Flesh of very good quality.

Inhabits oceanic waters, generally well offshore; occur solitarily or in loose aggregations

Environment: pelagic; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine ; depth range 1 - 250 m

Climate: tropical; 15 - 31°C; 45°N - 45°S, 180°W - 180°E

Importance: fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes

Resilience: Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years.

Distribution: Worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas, but absent from the Mediterranean Sea. Highly migratory species, Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Morphology: Dorsal spines (total): 11-14; Dorsal soft rays (total): 12-16; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 11-16; Vertebrae: 39. Fish with very long second dorsal fin and anal fin, which in some may reach well over 20% of the FL. The pectoral fin is moderately long, usually reaching beyond the second dorsal fin origin but not beyond the end of its base. Color is black metallic dark blue changing through yellow to silver on the belly. The belly frequently has about 20 broken, nearly vertical lines. The dorsal and anal fins and finlets are bright yellow.

Biology: An oceanic species occurring above and below the thermoclines. They school primarily by size, either in monospecific or multi-species groups. Larger fish frequently school with porpoises, also associated with floating debris and other objects. Feed on fishes, crustaceans and squids. It is sensitive to low concentrations of oxygen and therefore is not usually caught below 250 m in the tropics. Peak spawning occurs during the summer, in batches. Encircling nets are employed to catch schools near the surface. Marketed mainly frozen and canned, but also fresh and smoked. Highly valued for sashimi.

Inhabits oceanic waters, generally well offshore; occurs in schools; distinguished by yellow dorsal and anal fins that become elongated with increased age